Blackstone is a dark-colored block that functions similar to cobblestone or cobbled deepslate. Best Answer. [14] On April 2, he was sent outright to the team's alternate training site. California Weighs $360,000 in Reparations to Eligible Black Residents. Brixmor Property Group | All Rights Reserved. Mit einem Gesamtpreis von 26 Milliarden US-Dollar ist die Transaktion die bislang grte bernahme in der Touristik. In the last 2 years at Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc, John Schreiber has sold an estimated value of $0 worth. With his long record of success in commercial real estate, John Schreiber has offered business advice and served as a sounding board to help Father Watts make strategic decisions about how to turn around the school. Ende April 2006 erwarb Blackstone fr 2,68 Milliarden Euro einen 4,6-prozentigen Anteil an der Deutschen Telekom von der staatseigenen Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW), die weitere 17,5 Prozent an der Telekom hlt. We get it: you like to have control of your own internet experience. It has been a wonderful opportunity to be a part of Blackstone, says John Schreiber. John Schreiber's income source is mostly from being a successful Player. John Schreiber retired in 2015 as a partner and co-founder of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors, where he oversaw all the New York investment firm's real-estate holdings since 1992. In 2006, showing no bias for different businesses, it purchased the Zurich Senior Living portfolio of 24 retirement communities, 45 health-care facilities in France, LaQuinta resorts, the 199-bed Trianon Palace near Versailles, the 57-hotel MeriStar, Englands Center Parcs resorts, and biggest of all the 61-office Trizec and CarrAmerica, a 285-building office portfolio. [9], "Sidearm sizzle pushes Michigan's Schreiber closer to Comerica Park", "Michigan native Schreiber gets big league callup", "Wyandotte's John Schreiber on 'amazing' run for Tigers affiliate", "John Schreiber Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics & History", "Detroit Tigers call up reliever John Schreiber for 1st time", "Tigers rookie John Schreiber glad to get MLB debut out of way", "Tigers' John Schreiber: Collects first win", "Detroit Tigers drop RHP John Schreiber to make room for Nomar Mazara", "Red Sox claim right-handed pitcher John Schreiber off waivers from Detroit Tigers", "Red Sox claim Tigers right-hander John Schreiber", "Red Sox Notebook: Xander Bogaerts makes history at shortstop", "Red Sox's Tyler Danish: Joins big club in Toronto", "Red Sox designate Travis Shaw for assignment", "Boston Red Sox place Kik Hernndez, Rich Hill on COVID list; Jarren Duran, John Schreiber up from WooSox", "Boston Red Sox at Atlanta Braves Box Score, May 10, 2022", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Schreiber_(baseball)&oldid=1142314074, Career statistics and player information from, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 18:38. and bought an estimated value of $69.14M worth of shares. John G. Schreiber serves as Independent Director of the Company. "People do very complex things in finance," Gray says. 44 bis 32 USD; im Sommer 2016 hatte er sich wieder etwas vermindert auf Werte zwischen 20 und 30 USD. This page was last edited on 10 October 2022, at 04:44 (UTC). Click the AdBlock Plus button on your browser and select Enabled on this site. John G Schreiber is President at Centaur Capital Partners Inc. See John G Schreiber's compensation, career history, education, & memberships. Bereits im Vorfeld des Brsengangs wurde ber eine Beteiligung eines chinesischen Staatsfonds in Hhe von drei Milliarden US-Dollar berichtet. hades door symbols skull; what does lsa stand for engine; big island restaurants best view; bluegreen vacations christmas mountain village; southside middle school calendar So erhielt Stephen A. Schwarzman im Jahre 2006 398,3 Millionen US-Dollar,[36] im Jahr 2007 350 Millionen US-Dollar,[37] und 2008 waren es sogar 702 Millionen US-Dollar. John G. Schreiber serves as Independent Director of the Company. Ende 2004 bernahm das Unternehmen 31.000 Wohnungen von der Beteiligungsgesellschaft WCM fr 1,4 Milliarden Euro. Nach Kritik von Bewohnern und Politik und Unklarheit ber die Rechtmigkeit des Vertrags, zog sich Blackstone im Oktober 2019 davon zurck. Copy. [8] He pitched 13 innings for the 2019 Tigers, compiling a 6.23 ERA with 19 strikeouts. Equity Group Investments. This allowed Blackstone to do bigger and bigger deals, the first of which was Extended Stay, the $3.4 billion portfolio of 685 properties. Demnach wurden 102 Minderjhrige im Alter von 13 Jahren in der US-amerikanischen Fleischindustrie eingesetzt, um etwa Schlachtanlagen in Konzernen wie JBS Foods und Cargill zu reinigen.[40]. [38], Im Dezember 2018 schlossen Blackstones dnische Tochtergesellschaft North 360 und Frederiksberg Boligfond, ein gemeinntziger Wohnbautrger, einen Kaufvertrag ber mehrere hundert Wohnungen in Frederiksberg ab. A large frame with firm, athletically toned muscles is depicted by John Schreiber. [11], On February 18, 2021, Schreiber was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox. I am honored by the extraordinary support of my colleagues, and I am thrilled that the Blackstone name will become synonymous with promising young students at Loyola.. To read our full stories, please turn off your ad blocker.We'd really appreciate it. In his past career John G. Schreiber occupied the position of Director at Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc. and Chairman & Chief . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. In total, John Schreiber has made about 5 transactions over 2 years of their time at Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc. 450 Lexington Avenue, Floor 13 New York, NY 10017. [4] He began 2019 in Erie, but after allowing just two runs in seven innings, and with opponents hitting .154 off him, he was called up to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. There are 16 executives at Hilton Worldwide Inc getting paid more, with ChristopherNassetta having the highest compensation of $21,374,100. The company engages in the hotel management and licensing of its brands. He has previously played in MLB for the Detroit Tigers. Leben. [16] In 33 appearances (eight starts) with Worcester, Schreiber compiled a 2.71 ERA and 33 record while striking out 65 batters in 66+13 innings. Share Your Design Ideas, New JerseysMurphy Defends $10 Billion Rainy Day Fund as States Economy Slows, What Led to Europe's Deadliest Train Crash in a Decade, This Week in Crypto: Ukraine War, Marathon Digital, FTX, Photographer: Wolterk/iStock/Getty Images. [10] On February 12, 2021, Schreiber was designated for assignment following the signing of Nomar Mazara. The most active insiders traders include Holdco Llchlt Holdco Ii Llc, Breh Intl Ii Holdings Holdc, and A23 Holdco Llc Blackstone A. In Mr. Gray, Mr. Peterson and fellow Blackstone founder Stephen Schwarzman saw a smart, independent kid who could grow under their tutelage. Mr. Schreiber graduated from Loyola University of Chicago and received an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. [4], Schreiber began the 2022 season with Worcester, and was added to Boston's active roster on April 25. $3.05M on April 20, 2015. woodbridge high school stabbing; 1000 blythe blvd parking lot b His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. The Blackstone Group Inc. ist eine brsennotierte US-amerikanische Investmentgesellschaft mit Hauptsitz in New York. Der Kaufpreis betrug 3,3 Milliarden Euro, wie die Nachrichtenagentur Bloomberg berichtete. John Schreiber Net Worth. [9], With the 2020 Tigers, Schreiber appeared in 15 games, compiling a 01 record with 6.32 ERA and 14 strikeouts in 15+23 innings pitched. He holds the position of Chairman of Brixmor Property Group, Inc. and President of Schreiber Ivestments, Inc. He also has light brown eyes and a thick beard that is dark . Ferner um 3800 Wohnungen in Wuppertal, 5800 in der Region Mnchengladbach sowie 500 in weiteren Regionen. This strategy offered far greater pools of financing than typical leveraged buyouts. It operates hotels under the Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, LXR Hotels & Resorts, Conrad Hotels & Resorts, Canopy by Hilton, Tempo by Hilton, Motto by Hilton, Signia by Hilton, Hilton Hotels & Resorts, Curio Collection by Hilton, DoubleTree by Hilton, Tapestry Collection by Hilton, Embassy Suites by Hilton, Hilton Garden Inn, Hampton by Hilton, Tru by Hilton, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Home2 Suites by Hilton, and Hilton Grand Vacations. Accept Cookies, MBA MA Eastern European Russian Eurasian Studies, MBA Master of Arts in International Relations, MBA Master of Arts in Middle Eastern Studies, Management Science and Operations Management, Contact Employer Relations and Corporate Relations, The Future of Cities, States, and Interest Rates, The Casino Club | Gleacher Center195 East Delaware Place | 450 North Cityfront Plaza DriveChicago, Illinois, Booth Alumni: $150.00Booth Student: $60.00Guest: $175.00, 6:30 PM-8:30 PM: Evening Reception at The Casino Club, 8:00 AM-4:00 PM: Full Day Conference at Gleacher Center, Bernie OcampoChicago Booth REAG949.468.6604, Paul Geyer '88, Prudential Mortgage Capital, David Helfand '90, Equity Group Investments, Aaron Joseph '08, Office of the Mayor at the City of Chicago, Matthew Kahn '93, UCLA Institute of Environment and Sustainability, Randall Kroszner, The University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, Dean Sunil Kumar, The University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, Joseph L. Pagliari, Jr., The University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, Ed Ryder '92, Pearlmark Real Estate Partners, John Schreiber, Blackstone Real Estate Advisors and Centaur Capital Partners, 20042023 The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Lowery begann im Alter von sieben Jahren mit dem Gitarrenspiel. Brixmor owns and operates approximately 370 retail centers across the country centers where retailers and communities connect and thrive. Die Firma ist einer der weltgrten Investoren im Bereich Alternative Investments. Katharine Keenan who sold 1,011 units worth Neil Wolitzer, Goldman Sachs & Co. John Schreiber is the Director of Brixmor Property Group Inc and . Privacy & Cookies Notice red merle aussiedoodle for sale. shatila bakery dearborn hours . [5], On August 8, 2019, the Tigers selected Schreiber's contract and promoted him to the major leagues. Mr. Gray spent his first 18 months at Blackstone working on mergers and acquisitions. Search for: Menu Close. Around the time he started, the founders, with an eye toward diversifying, began mulling the idea for a real estate fund. Home; About Us; Services; Policies; Projects; Certificates; Clients; Contact Us; brown spots on feet and ankles diabetes . Schreiber, 75, graduated from the Jesuit school in 1968 and helped build Blackstone's real estate business. of the BREA Investment Committee, Mr. Schreiber oversaw all Blackstone real estate investments since its founding in. Diese spaltete sich jedoch 1994 nach einer Entwicklung zum Vermgensverwalter endgltig von Blackstone ab. That year, the firm also purchased Prime Hospitality, the five Boca Resorts in Florida and 31,000 apartments in Germany, followed in 2005 by the London NYC Hotel in Manhattan, Wyndam Worldwide and a portfolio of 30 Canadian office buildings. Laut eigenen Angaben plant Blackstone, verstrkt Geschfte in Europa zu ttigen. john schreiber blackstone wikimostar bridge jump injuries. He currently serves on the board of JMB Realty Corp. and Brixmor Property Group Inc. and is a director/trustee of a number of mutual funds managed by T. Rowe Price Associates and a Trustee of Loyola University of Chicago. Insider trading is most common in October, with the busiest year in 2015 and 2016. He has previously played in MLB for the Detroit Tigers. Overview - Tax executive responsible for co-leading worldwide tax department with over 250 individuals . Lowery ist einem breiten Publikum vor allem durch die Zusammenarbeit mit Marilyn Manson bekannt geworden, in dessen Band er von 1998 bis 2004 Lead-Gitarre spielte. It will help pay for tuition, room and board, and support services for minority, first-generation and other students who face challenges completing four-year degrees. On behalf of the Quinlan community, I would like to thank John Schreiber for his lifelong commitment to Loyola and thank Blackstone and the Gray Foundation for their generosity.. That Mr. Gray would come to work for a firm of the same name is sheer coincidence, according to acquaintances. Thats where he made his imprint, said Lonny Henry, a long-time advisor of Grays who ran the real estate desk at Bear Stearns and is now a vice chairman at J.P. Morgan. He became the first, and for a time only, junior-level employee. 348 pace bus schedule - 2022-06-29 2022-06-29 Scaffolding Deaths Are Claiming New Yorks Immigrant Workers in an Industry Lacking Accountability, Developers and Billionaires Are Lining Up for the Chance to Operate a New York City Casino, The Next Dimes Square Is Just Around the Corner, Manhattans Getting a WeWork For the .01 Percent. Groucho Marx. John Schreiber, Blackstone Real Estate Advisors and Centaur Capital Partners. [4] Im April 2019 gab Blackstone bekannt, dass es von einer brsengehandelten Personengesellschaft zu einer Krperschaft (Corporation) wechseln wrde.[5]. In the last 9 years, insiders at Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc have sold an estimated value of $4.5M He called the leader of the two groups and placed his garment on the ground, he ask the leaders of the two groups to each hold the ending point of the garment he asked them to . Zu den Ttigkeitsfeldern des Unternehmens gehren Immobiliengeschfte, Private Equity, sowie Kredit- und Hedge Fonds-Strategien . The current estimated net worth of Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc's Director, John Schreiber, is estimated to be about $1.56B . "I don't think what we do is . Blackstone turned to John Schreiber, a fellow Chicagoan who had just retired from JMB Realty. Leaders from Blackstone, one of the worlds leading investment firms, gave more than $1 million to the Quinlan School of Business at Loyola University Chicago to create the Blackstone Scholars at the Quinlan School of Business. De Blackstone Group is een Amerikaans investeringsbedrijf. John Schreiber is 73, he's been the Independent Director of Hilton Worldwide since 2013. Prior thereto, Mr. Schreiber served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of JMB Urban Development Co. and Executive Vice President of JMB Realty Corp. Mr. Schreiber currently serves on the Board of Directors of JMB Realty Corp. and is a Trustee of Loyola University. Seither wird die Aktie unter dem Krzel BX gehandelt. Douglas Armer, Executive Vice President, Der Kauf muss noch von den Aufsichtsbehrden genehmigt werden. [24], Im Jahr 2018 bernahm Blackstone einen Mehrheitsanteil an Refinitiv von der Thomson-Reuters-Gruppe. Tecnomega > Blog > Uncategorized > john schreiber centaur capital partners. [2] Stift, mit dem man schreiben kann. Am 19. Mrz 2023 um 07:57, macrotrends.net: Blackstone: Number of Employees, Equity Office Agrees to be Acquired by The Blackstone Group, Finanzinvestor Blackstone steigt bei Leica ein, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackstone_Group&oldid=231468663. But advertising revenue helps support our journalism. As Co-Chairman of the BREA Investment Committee, Mr. Schreiber oversaw all Blackstone real estate . Last updated: 1 February 2023 at 11:00am EST. Blackstone verpflichtete sich, die Aktien fr mindestens zwei Jahre zu halten. how to open cache files on iphone; closest recreational dispensary to detroit airport; brittany daniel keenan ivory wayans; chattanooga police department email; 2022 college baseball player rankings; luke baines and katherine mcnamara relationship . [6] He made his debut on August 9, allowing one run over .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}23 of an inning. He is also on the board of 10 other companies. Roman Empire. Mr. Schreiber is a past board member of Urban Shopping Centers, Inc., Host Hotels & Resorts, Inc., The Rouse Company, AMLI Residential Properties Trust, General Growth Properties, Inc., Blackstone Mortgage Trust Inc., Invitation Homes Inc. and Hudson Pacific Properties, Inc. Jean-Claude Servan-Schreiber (1918-2018) directeur de presse et dput gaulliste. The Blackstone gift honors the leadership of alumnus John Schreiber. Angela Merkel hatte ihn um eine Erklrung des Geschftsmodells von Private Equity gebeten. 18 cards. The most active traders at the company are It operates through two segments, Management and Franchise, and Ownership. Where could . Below are steps you can take in order to whitelist Observer.com on your browser: Click the AdBlock button on your browser and select Don't run on pages on this domain. Gegen den Widerstand des US-Senats fand am 22. In December 2015, he retired as a Partner and Co-Founder of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors (BREA). [21], Ende 2016 kaufte Blackstone Solvay Acetow in Freiburg im Breisgau. Juli 1970 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan), ist ein US-amerikanischer Gitarrist. John G. Schreiber founded Blackstone Real Estate Advisors. November 2006 wurde zwischen Blackstone und der amerikanischen Immobilienfirma Equity Office Properties eine bernahmevereinbarung unterzeichnet. On average, Hilton Worldwide Inc executives and independent directors trade stock every 42 days with the average trade being worth of $2,661,652,645. Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc's most recent insider trade came on January 3, 2023 by Den Vorsitz des Aufsichtsrates hat der Grnder des Unternehmens Stephen A. Schwarzman inne, der gleichzeitig auch Chief Executive Officer ist. Wiki User. [23], Im Februar 2017 kaufte Blackstone die Cloud-Operations Firma Cloudreach. pauschalreise mit klarna bezahlen. [9] He was returned to Worcester on September 6 and removed from the 40-man roster. You can see the complete history of Mr. Schreiber stock trades at the bottom of the page. Mr. Gray comes from a business background, though not a finance one. After almost a decade of smaller deals, a bid for a small hotel chain made Mr. Gray and his colleagues realize they could buy entire publicly traded companies using commercial mortgage backed securities, or C.M.B.S., so long as the companies core assets were property. [7] Schreiber earned his first major league win on September 7, pitching the final 23 of an inning in the Tigers' 54 extra innings victory over the Oakland Athletics. . Anthony F. Marone Jr., Chief Financial Officer, Schreiber then advanced to the Double-A Erie SeaWolves in 2018, where he finished with a 2.48 ERA and 18 saves in 23 opportunities, while pitching in 49 games total over the course of the year. forest service vehicle auction 2021; homes for sale on false river new roads, la; struggle jennings god we need you now lyrics Die Firma ist einer der weltgrten Investoren im Bereich Alternative Investments. ptica; Jornada Empresarial Now, five years after retiring from baseball, he's accelerating his transformation from former athlete to investor and owner -- with an eye on his legacy, and maybe a dose of redemption. [20] In 64 relief appearances with Boston during 2022, Schreiber posted a 44 record with eight saves and 2.22 ERA while striking out 74 batters in 65 innings. Alumnus John Schreiber helped run PE giants real estate arm, Will fund scholarships, support for underrepresented students. Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. was founded in 1919 and is headquartered in McLean, Virginia. Im Juli 2007 bernahm Blackstone die Hotelkette Hilton und wurde damit zum viertgrten Hotelbetreiber der Welt. Not unlike today, the country was still littered with the wreckage of a real estate recession, driven by the savings and loan crisis and a botched building boom caused by a flood of Japanese investment. Career. This answer is: Helpful (1) Not Helpful (0) Add a Comment. Thank You to Our Sponsors: Latham & Watkins LLP. Peterson described him as a godfather, Mr. March as Obi Wan KenobiMr. Inhoud 1 Activiteiten 1.1 Hilton 2 NIBC Bank 3 Vastgoed activiteiten in Nederland 4 Externe link Activiteiten [ bewerken | brontekst bewerken] what is the oldest baseball bat company? Draper and Kramer After beginning his career in the Tigers organization, Schreiber was scooped up by Boston prior to the 2021 season. Bedeutungen: [1] Person, welche etwas schreibt oder geschrieben hat. [15] After pitching in Triple-A with the Worcester Red Sox, Schreiber was added to Boston's active roster on September 1,[16] then appeared in a single game, allowing one run in three innings. john schreiber centaur capital partners. Fr die Deutschschweiz sollen nur Autoren mit bereits bestehenden Artikeln eingefgt werden; fr die Romandie, die Italienische Schweiz und die Rumantschia ist der Eintrag aller relevanten Autoren erwnscht. That was the simple credo of John Schreiber, the Blackstone partner who helped launch the real estate business. [25], Im Juni 2019 ttigte Blackstone den grten bislang bekannten Logistik-Deal in der Immobilienbranche: Blackstone erwarb fr 18,7 Milliarden Dollar ein Portfolio aus Lagerhallen der Firma GLP aus Singapur. Im Zuge der Finanzkrise musste auch die Blackstone Group mehrere Quartalverluste in Millionenhhe melden. qatar airways 787 9 business class | Theme: john schreiber blackstone wiki by aThemes. Oct 2006 - Jun 20158 years 9 months. Former Blackstone Inc. real estate executive John Schreiber and his wife, Kathleen, are giving a record $100 million to Loyola University Chicago to help fund scholarships for ethnically and racially diverse students. It was revolutionary, not just evolutionary, in terms of how deals get done, from structure to finance.. Mr. Schreiber is the President of Centaur Capital Partners, Inc. Blackstone turned to John Schreiber, a fellow Chicagoan who had just retired from JMB Realty. WPC Overview; About Secretary; Working Council There are no older and 20 younger executives at Hilton Worldwide Inc. Over the last 9 years, insiders at Hilton Worldwide Inc have traded over $50,288,153,952 worth of Hilton Worldwide Inc stock and bought 12,667 units worth $613,456 Leasing. Es handelte sich dabei um den Wohnungsbestand der Kieler Wohnungsbaugesellschaft mit 9500 Wohnungen. He holds the position of Chairman of Brixmor Property Group, Inc. and President of Schreiber Ivestments, Inc. Mr. Schreiber is a past board member of Urban Shopping Centers, Inc., Host Hotels & Resorts, Inc., The Rouse Company, AMLI Residential Properties Trust, General Growth Properties, Inc., Blackstone Mortgage Trust Inc., Invitation Homes Inc. and Hudson Pacific Properties, Inc. The gift, which was announced in February 2016, honors Loyola alumnus John Schreiber and his many years of leadership and service to Blackstone. There are no older and 20 younger executives at Hilton Worldwide. Last updated: 29 April 2022 at 4:55pm EST. Jonathan Gray joined Blackstone in 1992, straight out of Penn, from which he graduated magna cum laude with a degree in English and a diploma from Wharton. articles a month for anyone to read, even non-subscribers! As Co-Chairman of the BREA Investment Committee, Mr. Schreiber oversaw all Blackstone real estate investments since its founding in 1992. There are 16 executives at Hilton Worldwide getting paid more, with ChristopherNassetta having the highest compensation of $21,374,100. Dies ist eine Liste mit Verfassern literarischer Werke aus der Schweiz, nach den vier Schweizer Sprachgruppen sortiert. UK Braces for Rare Weather Event That Risks Late-Winter Freeze, Panic Over Metals for EVs Goes All the Way to Automakers C-Suites, What Do You Want to See in a Covid Memorial? Het is gevestigd in New York . He is from MI. Bemerkenswert an der Transaktion ist, dass sie von einem ausschlielich aus Frauen bestehenden Investmentteam von Blackstone vorbereitet wurde und dass das zu bildende Board of Directors ausschlielich aus Frauen bestehen soll. The Blackstone Scholars at Quinlan will be an important new program at the Quinlan School of Business and will continue the Loyola legacy of making a world-class education affordable, says Kevin Stevens, Quinlans dean. Above the lines of copy extolling the virtues of the companys parts is a picture of their grandfather next to the company name: Blackstone Manufacturing. [34][35], Auch in der Diskussion um sehr hohe Managergehlter wurde der Name des Unternehmens an vorderster Front genannt. As Co-Chairman of the BREA Investment Committee, Mr. Schreiber oversaw all Blackstone real estate investments since its founding in 1992. Contents 1 Obtaining 1.1 Breaking 1.2 Natural generation 1.3 Bartering 2 Usage 2.1 Crafting ingredient 2.2 Stonecutting 2.3 Note Blocks 3 Sounds 4 Data values 4.1 ID 5 Advancements 6 History 7 Issues 8 References